steel co2 emissions per tonne

[(Babich et al., 2010)], Finnish research suggests that although the replacement rate of biomass coke in the blast furnace can only reach about 25%, it may still be economically feasible considering future coke prices and pollutant emissions. Energy Procedia, 37, 7139 7151. Material Economics. (2020). Gas-based DRI and coal-based DRI production have the greatest potential to accept different decarbonization technologies: gas-based to hydrogen and coal-based to biomass and CCS. Both $35/MWh and $15/MWh prices are much lower than the wholesale industrial electricity prices in most countries and generally far from high capacity-factor carbon-neutral generation. (2017). #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-combine-wrapper { (2013). z-index: -1; However, under the right circumstances, biomass energy + CCS (BECCS) is a viable deep decarbonization pathway for steel production, and currently the only pathway with the potential to be carbon negative. The report is available in English, Chinese and Japanese. Hydrogen needs to be either produced on site by electrolysers, or imported with a sufficient infrastructure of pipelines and other transport means for national or international trade. } https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=191853314279437;res=IELENG, Mayhead, G., Snell, R., & Shelly, J. R. (n.d.). For H2 carbon footprint, LCA result is borrowed if its from water electrolysis, include the carbon footprint of electricity. The single biggest contributor to integrated BF-BOF steeling making CO2 emission is mainly driven by the requirement of carbon, usually coke, as the reductant. Gas-based DRI systems are commercially available at scale and one commercial plant operates on hydrogen today. } Pursuing a suite of material efficiency measures along supply chains reduces global steel demand by around a fifth in 2050, relative to baseline projections. BF-BOF based production is particularly stubborn. Virtually all sustainable aviation fuels cost more than $300/ton for abatement and can only do 50 percent of the job due to blend-wall limits. Coal currently meets around 75% of the energy demand of the sector, comparable to its share over the past decade. Using these data and production scenarios, we assess multiple decarbonization options applied to existing facilities/pathways, including H2, biomass, top-gas CCS, and zero-carbon electricity. Japanese research suggests that pressed woody biomass can be used to prepare metallurgical coke after mixing with coal, achieving partial decarbonization. While modest decarbonization is possible by substituting todays electric power supplies with low-C electricity, it is not possible to completely electrify existing facilities. Fractional decarbonization potential combining hydrogen and zero-C electricity. Installed capacity (GW): 85% capacity factor, Installed capacity (GW): 35% capacity factor. The model also includes the LCA result of bio-charcoal production for its global warming potential (GWP) and additional land use change (LUC) for biomass production. BioBoost Feedstock costs. Schematics of green H2 feeding into BF is shown in figure 5. Hydrogen, carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS), bioenergy and direct electrification all constitute avenues for achieving deep emission reductions in steelmaking, with multiple new process designs being explored today. The project aimed to build new BOF-BF systems in Michigan and Ohio integrated with carbon capture systems but has not reached final investment decision [(GCCSI, 2017)]. It is widely understood that man-made climate change is chiefly caused by greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, and that the consequences of global warming will be profound, widespread and destructive [(IPCC,2018]]. Over the past 20 years the world has produced approximately 670 million metric tons of stainless steel. Emissions have continued to grow rapidly; we now emit over 34 billion tonnes each year. The net CO 2 emissions and production from a steel plant are calculated using all parameters within the boundaries. Using hydrogen to decarbonize BF-BOF steelmaking would consume the same amount of hydrogen and all hydrogen production must be low-carbon (e.g., blue or green). Carpenter, A. Biomass conversion (biocoke reduction or combustion) emits CO2 onsite, which can be captured, leading to additional carbon footprint reductions. This chart shows per capita CO 2 emissions from coal, oil, gas, flaring and cement, measured in tonnes of CO 2 per year. Given increased urgency to transition the global economy to net-zero CO2 emission, governments and industry have increased focus on decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, including steel making, which contributes roughly 6% of global CO2 emission and 8% of energy related emission (including power consumption emission). width: calc(100%); CGEP, SIPA, Columbia University. Using Biomass for Pig Iron Production: A Technical, Environmental and Economical Assessment. Land use change (LUC) commonly makes this problem worse negating nearly all carbon abated. min-height: unset; CCUS (2020). #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(4n+1) { According to our study, median UK household emissions are 17.1 tonnes of CO2 emission per year whilst the mean is as high as 20.2 tonnes. Woody Biomass Factsheet WB4 Pyrolysis of Woody Biomass. Biomass reducing agent utilisation in rotary hearth furnace process for DRI production. World production increased from 19 million tons to over 50 millions of tons over the same time period. https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/iea_pdf/events/20140428_workshop_ccs_in_industry_vortrag_03_stanley_santos.pdf?m=1469661440&. width: 35px; Scope 2 Emissions The current scrap-based producer average is 0.49 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of stainless steel produced. The Peoples Republic of China (China) bucks the global trend, with its production estimated to increase in 2020, based on strong levels of output in the first half of the year. European Steel: The Wind of Change, Brussels Seminar. Others are systemic, such as integration of CCUS or redesigning fuel feed systems. .page-our-work-resource-library2 .sidebars .block { position: absolute; According to the World Steel Association, every tonne of steel produced in 2018 emitted 1.81 tonnes of CO 2, equivalent to about 8% of global emissions, yet traditional renewable technologies are inadequate to mitigate their impacts. .view-job-postings .view-content ranging from 60 per cent to 95 per cent will result in a modest nett carbon tax rate ranging from R6 to R48 per ton of carbon dioxide . In practice, land-use changes (LUC) and full life-cycle analysis (LCA) reveal that the carbon footprint can vary dramatically and is rarely carbon negative [(Campbell et al., 2018)]. For a typical EAF, direct emissions are usually around 0.06-0.1 t/t; indirect emissions can add a further 0.4 t/t CO2. In these facilities, the main function of feed-coal is to act as a reducing agent and react with the ore; some energy required for the kiln reactions also comes from the coal. The production of iron and steel with current technologies requires large amounts of coal. The package includes a proposal for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and revisions to the EU's Emission Trading System (ETS). max-width: 100%; In this report worldstainless clarifies what emissions exist and where they originate from and in order to achieve these objectives, we have quantified the CO2 emissions from the following three sources. Damen, K., Troost, M. van, Faaij, A., & Turkenburg, W. (2007). To increase beyond this small fraction, deeper levels of electrification are required. As with industry overall, the decarbonisation of steel will require multiple measures, including: The decarbonisation of steel requires the increased use of electricity, hydrogen and CCUS, all of which require not only funding, but also supporting infrastructure for transport and storage. As a feedstock, EAF can take any fraction of sponge iron (zero to 100%). This would require enormous new supplies of zero-carbon power generation. padding: 0; To meet global energy and climate goals, emissions from the steel industry must fall by at least 50% by 2050, with continuing declines towards zero emissions being pursued thereafter. The only theoretical possible way to achieve carbon negative steel production involves replacing BF-BOF production with DRI-based primary steel pathway, using ideal biomass as a fuel, and adding both CCS retrofit with reliable zero-carbon electricity. IEA. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 537549. Decarbonise Industry. Since the same zero-carbon electricity source is assumed for all production pathways, the carbon abatement costs ($/ton-CO2) are the same. Steel has a recycling rate above 85% worldwide, SSAB said, but that will not satisfy the . Deep emission reductions are not achievable without innovation in technologies for near-zero emissions steelmaking. Unsurprisingly, existing BF have operational requirements and designs that limit higher H2 substitution and full H2 operation [(Lyu et al., 2017)]. flex: 0 0 33.333333%; padding: 0 0 0 25px; Tangible and measurable target-setting in three short-term priority areas can begin today: The ensuing economic crisis in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic presents both challenges and opportunities in this regard, but these critical interim milestones are prerequisites for a sustainable transition. Using zero-carbon electricity as a strategy, deep decarbonization of steel production must involve replacing BF-BOF with DRI-EAF or adding additional pathways. Combined, these systems could yield 80% or greater CO2 reductions. improving manufacturing yields) and those downstream of the sector (e.g. Moreover, operating assets have long capital lives and are expected to operate for many decades, limiting the rate and range of options to substitute for existing facilities and thereby reduce emissions [(Friedmann, 2019)]. Midrex. Chromium is essential to achieve the metals stainless properties. Cement manufacturing has actually reduced its CO2 . By 2050 this technology family accounts for around 7% of steel production from iron ore. } The above summaries cover the overwhelming majority of world steel production (>99%). display: flex; @media screen and (max-width: 899px) { Including those factors would increase the cost and carbon footprint estimates, similar to the BF-BOF case above. As such, current hydrogen production is far from carbon-free on an LCA basis. Energy prices, technology costs, the availability of raw materials and the regional policy landscape are all factors that shape the technology portfolio in the Sustainable Development Scenario. } *[ (Midrex, 2019)], from 2018 data, the conversion rate of DRI to crude steel is assumed 90%. z-index: 1; Bhandari, R., Trudewind, C. A., & Zapp, P. (2014). Johnson, E. (2009). *On average for 2017, roughly 1.9 ton of CO2 were emitted for every ton of steel produced, accounts for approximately 6.7% of global GHG emission [(Worldsteel Association, 2017)]. BF-BOF operation relies almost entirely on coal products, emitting ~70% of CO2 in the integrated plant (BF iron making). Self-referenced case (taking its own production pathway as baseline) reveals that all EAF involved technologies has decarbonization potential >30%, as high as 40%. USBI. border-right: 3px solid #fff; In 2018, the world generated a record 4,185 TWh from hydropower, which is well suited to the MOE process and relatively cheap. Biomass feedstocks are never truly carbon neutral. (2020). The U.S. EPA has found that a typical 22 MPG gas-based car emits about 5 tons of carbon dioxide per year. These include (a) partial or complete substitution of fossil fuels with low carbon hydrogen or biofuels, (b) CCS retrofits, (c) replacement of current electricity supplies with low-C electricity, (d) low-carbon biomass substitution of coke with biocoke or charcoal, and replacement of gas- or coal-based DRI plants with biogas or zero-c hydrogen. To date, there has been no example of retrofitting and existing BOF-BF plant for CCUS. OECD. Novel approaches, such as MOE or biocoke development, require specific dedicated research funds to deliver potential options to market in 10-20 years time. Dickel, R. (2020). To substitute reducing agents like coke with hydrogen in a BF-BOF, 27.5 kg hydrogen is required per ton HM production, which would decrease carbon emissions 21.4% (0.46 ton-CO2/ton steel production). The scrap collection rate is currently about 85%, with rates by end use varying from as low as 50% (for structural reinforcement steel) to as high as 97% (for industrial equipment). Gernaat et al. .view-distinguished-visiting-fellows .view-content .views-row img Kawakami, A. It produces 30% less carbon dioxide emissions per tonne. left: 0; Heating value assumptions of different fuels. transition: all .2s ease; For discussion, see Review on the Use of Alternative Carbon Sources in EAF Steelmaking, Fig 1. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html, EPA. To fill the gap between currently announced projects and the Net Zero Scenario milestones, between 20 and 50additional projects of a size similar to current projects are needed globally in a tight timeframe of only eightyears. Some emissions, such as those from ethanol plants, are purer than others and can be captured relatively cheaply, for around $25 to $30 a ton. Applied Energy, 230, 330343. margin-bottom: 3em; font-family: "Ico Moon", sans-serif; if interested. Calculations are based on MIDREX's actual plant data at Cleveland-cliffs [(Chevrier, 2018)]. } Gas-based DRI process can be adapted to 100% hydrogen operation with minor equipment retrofit and have been. First in fossil-free steel. All details can be found in the report here. Additional cost due to transportation would occur addition cost. Progress so far has come in three main areas. border: none; This rate will increase annually by inflation plus 2 per cent until 2022, and annually by inflation thereafter. Tata steel. Stainless steel and Aluminium emissions do not increase as their passive films prevent the need for regular maintenance. (2018). text-align: center; min-height: unset; This study focuses on the full process decarbonization of steel making, including the three primary/secondary processes discussed above and any necessary pretreatments (such as sintering and coking in BF-BOF production) to produce hot HM[1]. Each of the decarbonization technology, separately and in combination, has potential limits (see figure 12 blue bars) based on production chemical or operations. Avoidance cost per ton CO2 is estimated at $45~$71/ton-CO2. [1] This report does not include further treatment, such as finishing and alloying, Zhiyuan Fan is a research associate at the Center on Global Energy Policy (Full Bio), Dr. Julio Friedman is aNon-Resident Fellow at the Center onGlobal Energy Policy (Full Bio). #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .clicked .views-widget { Although DRI production is more energy efficient than pig iron production from BF, additional processing (typically EAF) is needed to upgrade DRI sponge iron for market.

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