reductionism vs holism examples

REDUCTIONISM HOLISM INTERACTIONISM = the belief that complex phenomena (a thing) is best explained by breaking it down into its most BASIC COMPONENTS works on the assumption . - Case studies view the offender as a whole. "HOLISM is simply the belief that 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts'. -Has become a criticism in psychology because explanations of parts of complex behaviour or processing have meant that the whole complex has been missed. Computer simulated three-dimensional modeling is also largely based on a reductionist approach, wherein the bigger model is broken down into smaller components for easier simulation. - The assessment looks at the offender as a whole and why they committed the crime. Semantic holism states that words can be understood semantically only by referring to the language they belong to. testosterone levels. This is research that isolates variables and study controlled conditions. Study Reductionism vs Holism flashcards from Nikita Hennessey's King Edward VI College class online, or in Brainscape' s iPhone . Observing and studying the complex phenomena as a whole without breaking it down to simplify it. As this experiment used animals there are issues with generalising the results to humans due to the complex differences e.g. 0000002187 00000 n Interactionism is an alternative approach to reductionism, focusing on how different levels of analysis interact with one another. -Reductionist. Describe how memory models in Cognitive Psychology are considered reductionist. Describe how psychological case formulation in Criminal Psychology are considered holistic. - Biological ones reduce the reason down to biology. Describe how brain scanning in Biological Psychology are considered reductionist. 89L !c1|fSfJDYXM2D=E3pwp&rkb0+B`GSm v*f${95X$%@Qj_ P@@{x/NT%h,8gAD^J^Oz^[{ a46Fk16sZz.j|lM[=nI"hmWH_uW[7KGU5P4uQn:bLey?MQ\6iXNH9'x5 LM"# 0x endstream endobj 60 0 obj<> endobj 61 0 obj<>stream H60G X${KIQ 0000010073 00000 n - psychopathology = genetic explanations are R = blame to be only on genes - interactionism = H = considers both sides of an argument - forensic = R = blame to genetics, can't help, doesn't take into account their home experiences What factors does holism take into account? The humanistic approach argues that actions as a whole form an identity; so a lack of wholeness or identity leads to a mental disorder. Describe how environmental treatments for mental disorders in Clinical Psychology are considered holistic. 0000008400 00000 n - Pavlov (1927) reduced behaviour to reflexes of salivation to demonstrate something can be condition. - Evolution reduces aggression down to biological causes of having a gene that aided survival which is innate. 0000075733 00000 n The term 'Holism' is derived from the Greek word 'holos' meaning all, whole or entire. It was introduced by Jan Smuts, an African Statesman, in his book Holism and Evolution (1926). Holism makes it difficult to prioritise and use only one or two factors as a basis for therapy. Explanations for the cause of mental illnesses are often reductionist. 1.) Study Reductionism v Holism flashcards from Sim Sunner's Durham University class online, or in Brainscape' s iPhone . This considers the wider influences on behaviour and usually studies interacting factors. Holism example Thigpen and Cleckley measured many aspects of Eve's behaviour through multiple ways. The reductionism-holism debate is the basis of several controversial issues in ecology. Functionalism in philosophy is based on holism. Describe how lab and field experiments in Criminal Psychology are considered reductionist. This is normally experimental research (specifically lab) where extraneous variables are eliminated to reduce impact on the DV as being due to manipulation of an IV. testosterone levels. - MSM reduces memory into 3 stores: sensory store, STM, and LTM. Human behaviour is complex. It differs from reductionism since an interactionism approach would not try to understand behavior from explanations at one level, but as an interaction between different levels. 1) High reliability due to reducing a complex phenomena to simpler components makes it easier to test for consistency and compare, 1) Low ecological validity as reduces variables tested in a lab would not represent the whole in real life. Structuralism treats the adult mind as a sum total of experience from birth to the present. Reductionism can overlook other causes behind behaviour and is in danger of over-simplifying human behaviour. 1. Hofstadter explains these concepts using a dialogue in the style of Lewis Carroll: Experimental reductionism reduces complex behaviors to isolated variables which can be manipulated in an experiment. Extra Space Can Help Children Read Faster, Different Kinds of Cooperative Strategies among Humans Develop. - Drug treatment for SZ and AN reduce the cause to biological factors and so the treatment to biological. Describe how studies on learning in Learning Psychology are considered reductionist. Gender can also be reduced to biological factors (e.g. Also, language can be reduced to structures in the brain, e.g. There was no significant difference between them in terms of age or body weight or clinical symptoms or anxiety. Specifically, the debate between using reductionism or holism has affected conventional ways of thinking in medicine and opened new possibilities for improving healthcare. Biological reductionists argue that all human behavior can be explained, or reduced to, a physical explanation. Identify 2 areas of Biological Psychology that are considered holistic. Identify an area of Learning Psychology that are considered holistic. They believe that these variables can be measured to determine causal relationships. Principles and Concepts: 1. Reductionist explanations, which might work in some circumstances, are considered inappropriate to the study of human subjectivity because here the emergent property that we have to take account of is that of the "whole person". 0000072209 00000 n Examples in psychology: Evolutionary reductionism - behaviour must have been adaptive and inherited. Describe how theories of obedience in Social Psychology are considered reductionist. 3 Q Define 'holism'. High R. Reducing complex phenomena to simpler components makes it easier to test for consistency and to compare. Describe how twin studies in Clinical Psychology are considered holistic. 0000005950 00000 n . 0000001249 00000 n 0000004591 00000 n Evaluate the reductionism and holism of Loftus and Palmer (1974). Evolutionary theory suggests that our behaviours (aggression) be a result of dispositional factors, ignoring the role of situational factors aggression or the role of the environment. 0000045346 00000 n - Diathesis-stress model is more holistic as it describes that biological and environmental factors can cause the development of a disorder. Identify 2 areas of Biological Psychology that are considered reductionist. 0000000936 00000 n Resisted by the white population because fears resources would be depleted. Individually, it is made up of an engine, tires, windows, and other mechanical components. Annotations: breaking down complex behavouir into constituet parts. 0000001727 00000 n language, cognitive abilities. This is because complex behaviour is broken down into smaller stimulus-response units of behaviour. testosterone levels. Examples of holism and reductionism in psychology topics? For example . -Systematic Desensitization and Flooding both reduce the treatment for a phobia down to associating it with something good. For example, sociological phenomena are explained in terms of biological or economic laws. Structuralism and Behaviorism in psychology are examples of reductionism. Describe how diagnosis of mental disorders in Clinical Psychology are considered reductionist. Structuralism and Behaviorism in psychology are examples of reductionism. But clearly more factors at play and long histories. -It is about looking at the parts of something or someone and from the parts building up the knowledge to understand the whole, -The view that parts of something or someone never add up to the whole thing because the whole is more important than its constituent parts. Behaviorism is an analysis of elements that define human behavior. Holism - takes into account a number of factors that determine behaviour and how they interact. For example, the social learning theory proposes that children will copy the behavior of their role models (often a same-sex parent). Reductionism is the complement of holism, it believes that a system or entity is the sum of its parts or components, and understanding the basic components or parts can give us an understanding of the entire system. 0000003031 00000 n - Studies like Phineas Gage provide detail on many elements of what caused aggression. This approach argues that individual components arent as important in explaining behavior than how all these components work together as a whole. Behaviorism is an analysis of elements that define human behavior. No one in his right mind could reject holism. 0000075910 00000 n Describe how schemas in Cognitive Psychology are considered holistic. Describe how brain scanning in Cognitive Psychology are considered reductionist. Score on a recall test of 10 words; words must be recalled in the correct order. HOLISM VS REDUCTIONISM. 48 0 obj <> endobj xref 48 32 0000000016 00000 n Odenbaugh (2007) provides an excellent summary of the debate between Gleason and Clements: WordNet 3.0 Another example of biological reductionism is aggression e.g. over simplifies complex behavouir. Holism: In contrast, the concept of holism believe that the relationship between the part and the system as a whole to be more symmetric than in reductionism. Which 2 areas of psychology are most reductionist? 0000010812 00000 n Evaluate the reductionism and holism of Rosenhan (1973). [{F!!&L[66)x^ !Xp1vFwf+/(PZk8]}`+N1fiVO/\V^-9;=|VXiUIbd~3dhw^ ?u0kLz)_Z n eU]?@^`^>,2/_eo^7k#vQ,l1st&c1Ga[?mq&JuzK61 qDxb-{:)=_Zl&aM*4;f^RUaI7a&+:w v:f endstream endobj 62 0 obj<>stream 1.) Describe how studies on obedience in Social Psychology are considered reductionist. Reductionism breaks down complex psychological processes into small parts and reduces them to simple explanations. Identify 3 areas of Cognitive Psychology that are considered reductionist. Describe how case studies in Criminal Psychology are considered holistic. -Memory is operationlised as how many things can be accurately recalled after witnessing a crime in the EWT, Crim Psychology: Explanations of Criminality, -Biological Explanations of Criminality reduces offending behaviour to biological factors, Crim Psychology: Biological Treatments for Criminality, -Hormone treatments are reductionist are they reduce criminality to biological reasons, -Environmental Treatments for Criminality, Crim Psychology: Environmental Treatments, -Anger management is based on CBT which combines cognitive and behavioural factors and psychological methods. Broca's Area, Wernicke's area (but holism could state: influence of family, education, social class on language). -Is the belief that human behaviour can be explained by breaking down into smaller parts. Structuralism treats the adult mind as a sum total of experience from birth to the present. - It looks at genetics and the environment of the twins in how they differ with certain environmental factors triggering certain genes. -Evolution reduces aggression down to biological causes of having a gene that aided survival which is innate. Reductionism vs Holism. For example, to treat conditions like ADHD with drugs in the belief that the condition consists of nothing more than neurochemical imbalances is to mistake the symptoms of the phenomenon for its true cause. wZe3dc$]}Wo'x$|Y >ol/1V%?.rkqz6pF]Fr. Describe how theories of aggression in Biological Psychology are considered reductionist. Two Examples of Emergent Properties: NK Networks and G-by-E Interactions It will be instructive to anchor the somewhat esoteric discussion we have engaged in so far with a couple of examples from the actual biological literature, to focus our ideas about what emergence may sensibly mean in the context of biological research. Only mask. In neurology, proponents of holism argued that the brain was a homogeneous part with no specific subparts; while localization argued that the brain was organized in functionally distinct cortical areas. _y;Wm+Hc\kEb#]a @: aNvw!-}>>co'zDvWzf(eu,xjBl^9o- LR'_LpV%]IXYY%IMtx$}tXx ]m` Breaking down complex phenomena into simpler components to measure for scientific testing. Another example of biological reductionism is aggression - e.g. Low EV. Brocas area, Wernickes area (but holism could state: influence of family, education, social class on language). Reduced variables so they can be tested into a lab which doesn't rep real life. strenghts. Evaluate the reductionism and holism of Raine (1997). Holism vs. Reductionism Introduction. Cognitive psychologists believe that the network of neurons in our brain (which are formed and destroyed by environmental experiences) acts differently as a whole than as individual components. Looking at the simplest parts that make up our systems and use the simplest explanations to understand how they work. Testing gathers empirical data. %PDF-1.4 % Baddeley 1966). It might be assumed that humans would have different higher-order processing. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Reductionist approaches lack V/involves incomplete or partial explanations of behaviour/may fail to recognise the complexity of behaviour and the understanding of the whole. Jahoda's 6 elements of Optimal Living are an example of a holistic approach to defining abnormality. - Realistic Conflict Theory reduces the conditions for prejudice down to competition for resources and also reduces the solution to superordinate goals. Holistic thinking is a way of thinking that is skewed to wholeness with an inclination for systems to produce complex wholes that have properties merged from parts (Jackson, 2003). Describe how treatments of mental disorders in Clinical Psychology are considered reductionist. Furthermore, ontological, methodological, and . Developed CC after studying secretion in dogs. - It reduces memory down to the activity of specific areas of the brain. Reductionism example Raine's research into Murderer's brains can be considered reductionist as it only focuses on the brain. Holism makes it difficult to prioritize and use only one or two factors as a basis for therapy. Which 2 areas of psychology are most holistic? - It reduces aggression to certain areas of the brain. Interactionism shows how many aspects of a phenomenon or levels of explanation can interact together to provide a complete picture. It assumes learning is passive and is based on reflex behaviours that all humans and animals have. Structuralism treats the adult mind as a sum total of experience from birth to the present. America, policy for children to be transported to different schools to mix white & black population. Genes, neurotransmitters, hormones, and more can all influence our behavior, biological reductionists believe that biology alone can explain human behavior. Should be studied in context and wider setting. Confirmation holism was a theory put forth by the American philosopher Quine. 0000048014 00000 n Describe how evolution as an explanation for aggression in Biological Psychology are considered holistic. Identify 3 areas of Criminal Psychology that are considered reductionist. Allows for scientific study, and reductionist approaches are consistent with prevailing scientific ideology/Breaking down behaviours into smaller, constituent parts allows for scientific testing of hypotheses, including identification, isolation and control over EVs/Confidently say the study is scientific, quantifiable and cause and effect relationships can be drawn. - Anger management is based on CBT principles which combines cognitive and behavioural psychology. A lumped electrical circuit consisting of separable elements like resistance, capacitance, and inductance can be analyzed as a sum of its individual parts. Reductionism is the tendency to reduce complex to simple and studying the parts of the whole (Wilmsatt, 2006). -Classical Conditioning is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. We should study things in its entirety. Gender can also be reduced to biological factors (e.g. Behaviorism is an analysis of elements that define human behavior. Evaluate the reductionism and holism of Sherif (1954). - Case studies view the individual's memory as a whole. Ignoring bio factors that may affect the susceptibility of conditioning. - Milgram (1963) operationalised obedience as a voltage for giving people electric shocks that would increase in power. Describe how explanations for mental disorders in Clinical Psychology are considered holistic. Holism vs. Reductionism In his Pulitzer-prizewinning book, computer scientist Douglas Hofstadter identifies two conceptsholism and reductionismthat turn out to be important as you begin to learn about programming. Noticed that when he worked with the same dog repeatedly, the dog began to salivate to stimuli associated with food, to the mere sight of food, to the food dish, to the presence of the person who regularly brought the food or even the sound of that persons approaching footsteps. A Using memory recall of a crime to represent accuracy of memory as a whole.

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