mechanism of antibiotic resistance ppt

No effect of combining antimicrobial therapiesSynergyCombined The DNA gyrase consists of two A subunits and two B subunits. bacterial disease, AntibioticsAntibiotics are naturally occurring substances (4th ed.). Our product offerings include millions of PowerPoint templates, diagrams, animated 3D characters and more. K. pneumonia shows the same mechanism of antibiotic resistance to quinolone by producing quinolone resistance protein. The bacterial 70S ribosome is composed of two ribonucleoprotein subunits, the 30S and 50S subunits. Required fields are marked *. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance What is antibiotic resistance? FOIA In this chapter, we will describe in detail the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance encountered in clinical practice, providing specific examples in relevant bacterial pathogens. ribosomal subunitsThis binding is either irreversible, resulting in Antibiotic resistance is now considered to be a great curse to the present world. [7,8], Site of action of protein biosynthesis inhibitors. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms that cause disease to withstand attack by antimicrobial medicines. Drug Resistance of Bacteria, - Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. sulfonamides, trimethoprimUsed in combinationActive against broad These efflux pumps encoded by 20 different tet genes are carried by mobile genetic elements. Where does alcoholic fermentation occur in cells? Resistance mechanism of individual antibiotics. of activity includes the 3rd and 4th generation, Combination of a -lactam and a -lactamase inhibitor act in The large drug molecule vancomycin prevents binding of this D-alanyl subunit with the PBP, and hence inhibits cell wall synthesis [Figure 3]. With time, the bacteria have become smarter and along with it, massive imprudent usage of antibiotics in clinical practice has resulted in resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. But they are now found in wide-range of bacterial species, as in various plasmid and several conjugative transposons. The new DNA is then incorporated into the genome of the bacteria which becomes resistant. CrystalGraphics 3D Character Slides for PowerPoint, - CrystalGraphics 3D Character Slides for PowerPoint, - Beautifully designed chart and diagram s for PowerPoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. How activity, Antibiotics of Nucleic Acid Metabolism InterferenceDNA Synthesis The fabrication of reusable, sustainable adsorbents from low-cost, renewable resources via energy efficient methods is challenging. This enzyme destroys the antibiotic molecule by breaking down the amide bond of the -lactam ring, causing the antibiotics ineffective. Jacoby GA, Munoz-Price LS. A subunit carries out the nicking of DNA, B subunit introduces negative supercoils, and then A subunit reseal the strands. susceptibility testing (AST)Targets specific body sites or specific will also be available for a limited time. If an inhibitory or bactericidal concentration exceeds that which can be achieved safely in vivo, then the microorganism is considered resistant to that drug. cell death(bactericidal), or reversible, resulting in [6,9,12], Each of these drugs inhibits distinct steps in folic acid metabolism. - causes TB Originally controlled with Streptomycin Now often resistant to a variety of antibiotics The frequency of multi-drug resistant TB in the late 1990s the antibiotic resistance crisis the antibiotic resistance. - ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Prof. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh Each class of antimicrobial agent has a unique mode of action. Naas T, Nordmann P. OXA-type beta-lactamases. It has been hypothesized that the -lactam ring mimics the D-alanyl D-alanine portion of peptide chain that is normally bound by PBP. For these reasons, AG work in aerobic conditions and have poor activity against anaerobic bacteria. The cytoplasmic membrane prevents ions from flowing into or out of the cell and maintains the cytoplasmic and bacterial components in a defined space. It has a broad spectrum, is bactericidal, has very low . Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology. Carbon Dioxide Most of the bacteria require a small amount of carbon dioxide for growth.This carbon dioxide is usually provided by the environment or it can be produced by the bacteria due to cellular metabolism. Crichlow GV, Kuzin AP, Nukaga M, Mayama K, Sawai T, Knox JR. Higgins PG, Fluit AC, Schmitz FJ. They have insertion sequence at end of gene. aeruginosa, Interference with Nucleic Acid MetabolismInterfere with either Horizontal gene transfer also plays an important role in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. PowerShow.com is brought to you byCrystalGraphics, the award-winning developer and market-leading publisher of rich-media enhancement products for presentations. Antimicrobial resistance: Antibiotic resistance aproach. The aminoglycosides (AG's) are positively-charged molecules which attach to the OM which is negatively charged leading to formation of large pores, and thus allow antibiotic penetration inside the bacterium. INFECTION means that the organism is present and is causing illness. Resistance of Mycoplasma species to B-lactams antibiotics, due to lack of cell wall. They are all artistically enhanced with visually stunning color, shadow and lighting effects. antimicrobial resistance conference - antibiotic guardi antibiotic resistance (antibiotic resistance) molecular mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotic mechanisms of action and resistance mlab 2434 pathogenesis in acinetobacter .mechanisms of antibiotic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance dr t. aswani ndonga msc antibiotic resistance an investigation of the mechanisms of multiple antibiotic resistance index of escherichia coli antibiotic resistance & prevention. These are produced by all Gram-negative bacteria with exception of, Class D -lactamases: These are oxacillin hydrolyzing enzymes found most commonly in, Antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance, bacterial cell wall, mechanism of action. Fig 2: Intrinsic resistance 6. Penicillin-susceptible bacteria become resistant to penicillin by converting to cell wall-deficient L forms when penicillin is introduced. that have been chemically altered, Definitions BacteriocidalKills the bacteria, Definitions (Contd)Spectrum of activityRange of susceptible (2011). These enzymes are called aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs). Then you can share it with your target audience as well as PowerShow.coms millions of monthly visitors. But bacteria become resistant to these antibiotics by altering their membrane permeability to the antibiotics. E.g., New Delhi metallo--lactamase[, Class C -lactamases: These are also called cephalosporinases. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE.ppt - MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTIC. In Gram-positive bacteria, the major target of action is topoisomerase IV which nicks and separate's daughter DNA strand after DNA replication. Giedraitiene A, Vitkauskiene A, Naginiene R, Pavilonis A. The Antibiotic Resistance Market To Take An Upward Turn In The Next Decade. It appears that the emergence of antimicrobial resistance is inevitable to almost every new drug, and it is recognized as a major problem in the treatment of microbial infections in both hospitals and community. Ribosomal mutation Boasting an impressive range of designs, they will support your presentations with inspiring background photos or videos that support your themes, set the right mood, enhance your credibility and inspire your audiences. Resistance to AminoglycosidesResistance to the antibacterial action of aminoglycosides can develop in one of four ways: (1) mutation of the ribosomal binding site, (2) decreased uptake of the antibiotic into the bacterial cell, (3) increased expulsion of the antibiotic from the cell, or (4) enzymatic modification of the antibiotic. Some antibiotics differ in their action on Gram Antimicrobial Resistance In Indian Poultry: Cause, Concern, And Measure (1). It has millions of presentations already uploaded and available with 1,000s more being uploaded by its users every day. protozoal diseaseAntiviralsTreat viral diseaseAntibioticsTreat In some cases, bacteria are excluded from that site of the tissue or are not active. Some antibiotics differ in their action on Gram+ve and Gram-ve bacteria due to the difference in the cell wall structure of such bacteria. Some bacteria shows resistant by making their membrane impermeable to the antibiotics. The mechanism of resistance involves the modification of two enzymes: DNA gyrase (coded by genes gyr A and gyr B) and topoisomerase IV (coded by genes par C and par E). This modification causes steric hindrance that reduces the avidity of the antibiotic molecule for its target, which, in turn, inhibits the effectiveness of the antibiotic molecule. These elements include plasmids, transposons, and integrons. Antimicrobials like antibiotics, antivirals, and others are losing their effectiveness because of antimicrobial resistance. Enzymatic inactivation of aminoglycoside and peptide antibiotics could not be demonstrated. Kahne D, Leimkuhler C, Lu W, Walsh C. Glycopeptide and lipoglycopeptide antibiotics. Drug therapy in pediatric and geriatric age groups, Irresistible content for immovable prospects, How To Build Amazing Products Through Customer Feedback. APIdays Paris 2019 - Innovation @ scale, APIs as Digital Factories' New Machi Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains Everything. This condition is mostly developed by the excessive and uncontrolled use of antibiotics. artificial Semi-synthetic compoundsNaturally occurring substances bacteria?Where is it located? In this context, both type of antibiotic resistance mechanisms will be discussed. However, this membrane contains channels called porins, which allow the entry of various molecules such as drugs. They cause misreading and premature termination of translation of mRNA. organismsAgents- ciprofloxacin, levofloxacinMetronidzole Activates FunctionInhibition of Protein SynthesisInhibition of Folate DNA or RNA metabolismInhibit enzymes required in the replication Alteration in this target site results from a mutation in the gene encoding for P12 protein. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms 1. Problem of Antibiotic Resistance Poor little girl seems to have some sort of upper respiratory illness. & Rational use of antibiotics Other MDR efflux pumps that extrude tetracycline are AcrAB-TolC and MexAB-OprM found in Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa. Drug Resistance of Bacteria Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University / Department of microbiology, possible_solutions_for_antibiotic_resistance, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of, The ability of pathogens that works against the, Antimicrobials like antibiotics, antivirals, and, Up to half of antibiotic prescriptions is, If patients have a sore throat, the physician, Incorrect diagnosis and Prescribing Antibiotics, Passing of these genes to Pathogenic bacterias, Resistance developed for future antibiotic, Not following infection control protocols, Resistance transferred by bacteria swapping genes, Mixed with antibiotics to prevent infections and, Antibiotics found in beef cattle, pigs and, Same antibiotics mixed with municipal water, we get antibiotics in our food and drinking water, 8. Antimicrobial CategoriesMechanisms of actionEffects on Cell Wall occurEnd result- antimicrobial is ineffectiveHow does the microbe & Manuselis, G. (2011). PRODUCTION OF INACTIVATING ENZYMES a. New Delhi Metallo -lactamase (NDM-1) enzyme is one of the most concerning enzyme responsible for drug resistance in K. pneumonia. However, increases in antimicrobial . [2] The D-alanyl-alanine portion of peptide chain is cross linked by glycine residues in the presence of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). characteristics of microbes, AgentsAntimycobacterialsTreat mycobacterial therapy prior to organism ID, Definitions (Contd)Additive EffectsCombining two antimicrobials Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is important in order to define better ways to keep existing agents useful for a little longer but also to help in the design of better. Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine. The biochemical resistance mechanisms used by bacteria include the following: antibiotic inactivation, target modification, altered permeability, and "bypass" of metabolic pathway . But as a concerned human being, it is wise to incorporate a systematic approach when it comes to administering antibiotics poultry. Ma L, Chang FY, Fung CP, Chen TL, Lin JC, Lu PL, et al. In this context, both type of antibiotic resistance mechanisms will be discussed. Resistance mechanism of various antibiotics is described in Table 1. Structure of the extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase of, Lobkovsky E, Billings EM, Moews PC, Rahil J, Pratt RF, Knox JR. Crystallographic structure of a phosphonate derivative of the. -lactamases hydrolyze nearly all -lactams that have ester and amide bond, e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. Tetracycline resistance protein Tet(M) and Tet(O) were primarily found in Streptococcus spp. There are three main enzymes that inactivate antibiotics such as -lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (AACs).[19]. The PBP interacts with -lactam ring and are not available for the synthesis of new peptidoglycan. uptakeIncreased ability to pump antimicrobial out of cell, ReferencesKiser, K. M., Payne, W. C., & Taff, T. A. Tenover FC. Antibiotics accumulate in the bacteria through the permeable membrane of the bacteria to destroy the bacterial pathogenicities. Hiramatsu K, Cui L, Kuroda M, Ito T. The emergence and evolution of methicillin-resistant. Resistance is often to a family of related antibiotics, and comes in three variaties: antibiotic-degrading enzymes, reduced membrane permeability, or proteins protecting the 30s subunit. pregnancy, as it affects tooth and bone development, Antibiotics of Protein Synthesis producing organisms, Mechanisms of Antimicrobial ResistanceBlockage of antimicrobial These classes of enzymes are resistant to inactivation by clavulanate, sulbactam, aztreonam, and carbapenems. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria consist of thin cell wall that is surrounded by second lipid membrane called outer membrane (OM). If so, just upload it to PowerShow.com. Researcher suspected that millions of people will die due to the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance by 2050. [6] Antimicrobials inhibit protein biosynthesis by targeting the 30S or 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. layerVancomycinMost clinically importantEffective against MRSA, the body long enough to be effective?What are the side effects? The example shown is of -lactam antibiotics targeting a penicillin-binding. Antimicrobial Agents:Factors to ConsiderWhat is the targeted Clinical Laboratory Microbiology: A Practical Approach . official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Tetracyclines, such as tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, or minocycline, act upon the conserved sequences of the 16S r-RNA of the 30S ribosomal subunit to prevent binding of t-RNA to the A site. They are commonly associates with Transposons. One of the mechanisms by which the DNA increases biofilm resistance is that it causes changes in outer membrane because DNA is an anionic molecule; it is able to chelate cations, such as magnesium ions and cause a lowering Mg 2+ concentration in membrane. causes twice the effect of the two drugs by themselvesIndifference stanforduniversity qualtrics com fiorreports.com. under anaerobic conditionsEffective against anaerobes and protozoa, Antibiotics of all classes except polymyxin are susceptible to the activation of efflux systems. Unfortunately, the bacteria that have acquired NDM-1 have also acquired other resistance factors and most are already resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Go through the to know the signs of antibiotic-resistant infections in dogs. - Antibiotic Chemotherapy for Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery * Clostridium difficile produces toxin a and b. Store syrup formulations in tight, light-resistant containers at 15-30 C (59-86 F) unless directed otherwise. A combination of sulpha drugs and trimethoprim acting at distinct steps on the same biosynthetic pathway shows synergy and a reduced mutation rate for resistance. Bacteriophage (phage therapy) as alternative to antibiotics, List of phages used onto food to prevent bacterial pathogens. Better understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, will help clinicians regarding usage of antibiotics in different situations. -Lactamase Inhibitors Offer no antibacterial activity by in sufficient concentration?Can the antimicrobial be retained in [9] These pumps are present in the cytoplasmic membrane, unlike porins which are present in OM. Mechanisms of Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella typhi Posted on December 15, 2014by admin Authors Harriet Ugboko and Nandita De Abstract Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is a gram-negative, motile,rod shaped, facultative anaerobe. tazobactam, Effects on Cell Wall SynthesisGlycopeptidesBind certain amino -lactams and the glycopeptides inhibit cell wall synthesis. Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins B show a similar mechanism of action. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. macrolides, clindamycin chloramphennicol, and oxazolidinone, Antibiotics of Protein Synthesis InhibitionAminoglycosides [4], Mechanism of action of -lactam antibiotics, The glycopeptides binds to D-alanyl D-alanine portion of peptide side chain of the precursor peptidoglycan subunit. Gram negative organismsExtensiveEmpirical therapyInitiation of Natural variations or acquired changes in the target sites of antimicrobials that prevent drug binding is a common mechanism of resistance. [, Mutated-DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV leads to FQ resistance: Quinolones bind to DNA gyrase A subunit. These require enzymes such as zinc or heavy metals for catalysis and their activity is inhibited by chelating agents. Acquired (Extra chromosomal) resistance, Breaks Beta lactam ring of penicillins and, Induces mutation of gene coding for target, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Reduces the production of Porin and other, Reduction of the permeability of membrane, Drugs (Antibiotics) cant pass through membrane, Produces specialised membrane proteins which act, Efflux pumps are active against the antibiotics, Inhibition of therapeutic activity of antibiotic, Bacterias develop resistance against Amino, Alternative metabolic pathway which cant be, Inhibition of therapeutic activity of antibiotics, Bacterias develop resistance against Sulfonamides, In a recent study, 25 of bacterial pneumonia, Drug-resistant bacteria is responsible for about, Increased costs associated with prolonged. Stop unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. These proteins are the member of the translation factor superfamily of GTPases and protein synthesis acting as homologs of elongation factors. death, -Lactam Antibacterial AgentsPenicillinsSimple penicillins are Use the right antibiotic in an infectious. The PowerPoint PPT presentation: "Antibiotic Resistance" is the property of its rightful owner. Antibiotic resistance I Mechanism I Types I Contributing factors. On the basis of the bacterial type, the oxygen content is needed to be maintained to acquire optimum growth.3. In: Murray PR, editor. Vannuffel P, Cocito C. Mechanism of action of streptogramins and macrolides. We've encountered a problem, please try again. However it became evident rather soon after the discovery of penicillin that resistance develops quickly terminating the miracle. There are lots of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. top key-players to push the antibiotic resistance market towards remarkable growth - according to a latest report published by persistence market research, the global antibiotic resistance market is projected to be valued at us$ 12.6 bn by the end of 2031, witnessing a steady cagr of over 4% during the forecast period (2021 - 2031). [3] This cross-linking strengthens the cell wall. and transmitted securely. Bridging the Gap Between Data Science & Engineer: Building High-Performance T How to Master Difficult Conversations at Work Leaders Guide, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). RND pumps cause bacterial resistance to tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, some -lactams, novobiocin, fusidic acid, and fluoroquinolones by pushing these antibiotics out of the cells. Some gram-negative rods also become resistant by producing a -lactamase enzyme. via chromosomal or plasmid-mediated genesExample: beta-lactamase Antibiotic resistance refers to unresponsiveness of microorganism to antimicrobial agents.Susceptible MIC is at a concentration attainable in blood or other appropriate body fluid using usually recommended dosagesResistant MIC is higher than normally attainable levels in body fluidsIntermediate (moderately sensitive, moderately resistant) MIC is between sensitive and resistant levels, may be able to treat with increased dosage, Presence of few mutants not sufficient to produce resistance Single step : E.coli & staph to RifampicinMultistep : erythromycin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol. Today even major class of antibiotics are resistant, If this can be achieved, the microorganism is considered susceptible to the antibiotic. This mechanism plays a vital role in developing bacterial resistance to the antibiotic. mycobacteria, Inhibition of Folate SynthesisFolic acid pathway provides Antibiotic sensitivity and resistance .pptx seminar 2 Dr. Mitali Thamke Brab 13 02-2017 final Prince Allawadhi Lab 9 antibiotic resistance and the susceptibility of bacteria lab fall 2014 Amy Hollingsworth Antimicrobial drug resistance Manas Nath Antibiotic resistance Mrunal Dhole Antimicrobial resistance NAIF AL SAGLAN There are two different approaches to managing antibiotic resistance:1.Managing existing resistant pathogens 2.Avoiding future evolution of more resistanceThe first can be done by, in the case of MRSA, improving hygiene in hospitals, screening hospital visitors and isolating patients. However, infections are still the leading cause of death in developing world. Antibiotics inhibit the enzymes that are involved in the bacterial metabolic pathway. It's FREE! Bacterial cells are surrounded by a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, which consists of long sugar polymers. MLAB 2434 Microbiology Keri Brophy-Martinez. | powerpoint Drug molecules to a cell can be transferred by diffusion through porins, diffusion through the bilayer and by self-uptake. AG's bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit,[, Alteration in PBP: Modification of the PBP is a favored mechanism of resistance to Gram-positive bacteria, whereas production of -lactamases is a mechanism for the development of resistance to Gram-negative bacteria. For ARIs, diarrhoeal diseases and malaria in children, WHO has developed the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). active antimicrobial agents to an inactive formEncoding of enzymes This is mainly due to the emergence of newer infectious agents and more specifically due to the appearance of antimicrobial resistance. Overview. Dr. Naser Tadvi sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Reynolds PE. This serious development is ever present with each new antimicrobial agents and threatens end of antimicrobial area. Stop the antibiotic from reaching its target: Pump the antibiotic out from the bacterial cell. Thus, these bacteria become resistant to aminoglycosides by causing chemical modification of aminoglycosides. Variety of TEM-, SHV-, and CTX-M-type beta-lactamases present in recent clinical isolates of. Infections account for a major cause of death throughout the developing world. These so-called efflux pumps are very common in bacteria and can transport a variety of compounds such as signal molecules and nutrients. cytoplasmic membrane of the organism BacitracinPrevents the AGs target the A-site of the bacterial ribosome; to evade inhibition by AGs there are two potential, acquired mechanisms of resistance: mutations of the ribosome or enzymatic modifications of the ribosome. BacteriostaticBroad spectrumEffective against GP and GN - There are no laws against the use of antibiotics and vaccination for chicken as of now. Because, these bacteria lack cell walls and thereby the antibiotics cant inhibit the growth of bacteria. Aminoglycosides t suppress the growth of gram-positive bacteria, aerobic gram-negative bacteria, and mycobacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis. -lactamases are broadly prevalent enzymes that are classified using two main classification systems: Ambler (structural) and BushJacobyMedeiros (functional). membranePrimarily effective against GP organismBecause of toxicity, Resistant infections can be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat. Do you have PowerPoint slides to share? The Gram-positive bacteria consists of cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a tough and rigid mesh called cell wall. (2011). bacteriostatic effectsAntibioticsAminoglycosides, tetracyclines, *Corresponding Author: Olowe O Adekunle, oaolowe@lautech.edu.ng INTRODUCTION Increasing rates of bacterial resistance among How To Boost Immunity Power And Improve Resistance To Infections? organismsExtremely potent against anaerobesD testDetects resistance Antibiotic drug resistnc and susceptibility, Multi drug resistance molecular pathogenesis, Antibiotic sensitivity and resistance .pptx seminar 2, Lab 9 antibiotic resistance and the susceptibility of bacteria lab fall 2014, Bacterial resistance against antibiotics and it’s prevention, Mechanism of development for drug resistance, Growing antimicrobial resistance meeting the challenges, Molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance, Rajasthan university of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Antimicrobialresistancenew 161218032557 (1)k, Molecular mechanism of multi drug resistance, IDSA Practice Guidelines for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs, Antibiotics in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guidelines For Antibiotic Use by doctor Saleem, Bacterial resistance mechanisms and new trends for resistance overcoming, Molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, 0VERVIEW OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE 111.pptx, Role of pharmacists in combating drug resistatnce. effect is greater than the two individual effects added GP and some GN organisms, spirochetes, Mycoplasma, Legionella, and Antibiotic resistance occurs when an antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively control or kill bacterial growth; in other words, the bacteria are "resistant" and continue to multiply in the presence of therapeutic levels of an antibiotic. activity and are spoken of in terms of generations, Generations of CephalosporinsFirst-generationHave good GP and GN The struggle of mankind against infectious diseases is well known. Two commonly encountered Class A -lactamases found in members of, Class B -lactamases: These are metallo--lactamases. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. Bacteria show resistance to tetracycline and polymyxin by altering their membrane permeability to these antibiotics. cytoplasmic membranceCell wall primarily composed of a Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Jose M. Munita, Cesar A. Arias Book Editor (s): Indira T. Kudva, Nancy A. Cornick, Paul J. Plummer, Qijing Zhang, Tracy L. Nicholson, John P. Bannantine, Bryan H. Bellaire First published: 09 April 2016 https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555819286.ch17 Citations: 5 PDF Tools Share Summary

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