primary alkyl group example

15-24. Since carbonium ions are positively charged species, they are most readily formed in relatively polar solvents (solvents consisting of molecules with unsymmetrical distribution of Several classes of widely used haloalkanes are classified in this way chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Nitrilases hydrolyze nitriles to carboxylic acids: Nitrile hydratases are metalloenzymes that hydrolyze nitriles to amides. Both phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) and phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) function similarly. [22], Amines are often used as epoxy resin curing agents. Protonated amino groups (NH+3) are the most common positively charged moieties in proteins, specifically in the amino acid lysine. Selectivity can be improved via the Delpine reaction, although this is rarely employed on an industrial scale. Reduction of these imines gives secondary amines: Similarly, secondary amines react with ketones and aldehydes to form enamines: An overview of the reactions of amines is given below: Amines are ubiquitous in biology. When formed from carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amines, these salts thermally dehydrate to form the corresponding amides. On this page, we are only looking at cases where the hydrocarbon groups are simple alkyl groups. In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH) attached to an R-group. An example of a reaction taking place with an S N 1 reaction mechanism is the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide forming tert-butanol: . A nitrile group can be hydrolyzed, reduced, or ejected from a molecule as a cyanide ion. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Cyanohydrins are also prepared by transcyanohydrin reactions starting, for example, with acetone cyanohydrin as a source of HCN.[10]. Symmetrical acid anhydrides of For example: The table shows the boiling points of some simple amines. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. [22] Decisive criteria for the quality of the hydrophobicity of papers are. However, they don't replace them by anything as strong, and so the process of forming a solution becomes less and less energetically feasible as chain length grows. The general structure is R 1 R 2 R 3 SiOR 4 where R 4 is an alkyl group or an aryl group. A specific example is derived from the dimerization of the ketene of stearic acid. Related processes are known as sweetening. Reduction to the imine followed by hydrolysis to the aldehyde takes place in the Stephen aldehyde synthesis, which uses stannous chloride in acid. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. This results in an electron deficient (electrophilic) carbon which, inevitably, attracts nucleophiles. Naming amines can be quite confusing because there are so many variations on the names. [5] This was followed by methyl (Dumas and Peligot in 1834, meaning "spirit of wood"[6]) and amyl (Auguste Cahours in 1840[7]). Common names often incorporate obsolete terms in the naming of the alkyl group; for example, amyl is frequently used instead of pentyl for a five-carbon chain. The reaction is catalyzed by zeolite-based solid acids.[5]. Such reactions are widely applied to the production of dyes.[16]. The hydrogen bonding isn't as efficient as it is in, say, water, because there is a shortage of lone pairs. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. An organic compound with multiple amino groups is called a diamine, triamine, tetraamine and so forth. Amines, the derivatives of ammonia, are classified as primary (1), secondary (2) and tertiary (3) based on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl or aryl groups in ammonia molecule. Secondary amines still form hydrogen bonds, but having the nitrogen atom in the middle of the chain rather than at the end makes the permanent dipole on the molecule slightly less. For example, propane has two primary carbon atoms and a secondary The common name of an alcohol combines the name of the alkyl group with the word alcohol. [3] Nitriles are polar, as indicated by high dipole moments. Technically, it is an alkane molecule minus one hydrogen atom. In primary (1) haloalkanes, the carbon that carries the halogen atom is only attached to one other alkyl group. [39]:934936 They can be used to synthesise isoxazoles. Such cases will be discussed as carboxylic acid derivatives. The reaction can afford either the primary amine (RCH2NH2) or the tertiary amine ((RCH2)3N), depending on conditions. Why secondary alkyl groups are more prone to shifting than primary? An acyclic alkyl has the general formula of C n H 2n+1.A cycloalkyl is derived from a cycloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring and has the general formula C n H 2n-1. This OH is a nucleophile with a clearly negative charge, as it has excess electrons it donates them to the carbon, which results in a covalent bond between the two. The sizing with AKD is suitable for the permanent hydrophobation of newspaper, printing and writing paper and cardboard used as a container for liquids (including foodstuffs such as milk), as well as for the improvement of shape stability and runnability. Structure of cyamemazine, an antipsychotic drug. As with other types of organic compounds, alcohols are named by both formal and common systems. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. The lone electron pair is represented in this article by a two dots above or next to the N. The water solubility of simple amines is enhanced by hydrogen bonding involving these lone electron pairs. [1] They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. They are substituted by Grignard reagents to give magnesium salts and an extended alkyl compound. The complete IUPAC name is 2-chloro-3-methyl-3-hexanol. They are made of a hydrocarbon chain that terminates with a carboxylic acid group; this arrangement confers the Primary alcohol. The nitrate ion carries a formal charge of 1. These carbanions alkylate a wide variety of electrophiles. A fourth subcategory is determined by the connectivity of the substituents attached to the nitrogen: It is also possible to have four organic substituents on the nitrogen. Thus, the base hydrolysis route will afford the carboxylate (or the amide contaminated with the carboxylate). Phthalates (US: / l e t s /, UK: / l e t s f l t s /), or phthalate esters, are esters of phthalic acid.They are mainly used as plasticizers, i.e., substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity. For more information, see Halomethane. Drop the final -e from the alkane name, and add the suffix -ol. According to the usual rules of nomenclature, alkyl groups are included in the name of the molecule before the root, as in methylpentane. Both Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds behave as the R synthon. In chemistry, quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged polyatomic ions of the structure NR + 4, R being an alkyl group or an aryl group. Alkynes react similarly, forming the tetrahalo compounds. But nowadays, IUPAC nomenclature is used. In a secondary amine, two of the hydrogens in an ammonia molecule have been replaced by hydrocarbon groups. The names of alkyl groups are the same as those of analogous alkanes, except that their names end in -yl, instead of -ane. They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. Some examples of primary halogenoalkanes include: Notice that it doesn't matter how complicated the attached alkyl group is. [4], As early as 1901, Edgar Wedekind published the synthesis of alkyl ketene dimers by the reaction of carboxylic acid chlorides with tertiary amines,[5] the reaction products for polymers. New strategies for materials fabrication are of fundamental importance in the advancement of science and technology1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. WebO a secondary alcohol as carbon with hydroxyl group, is bonded to two alkyl groups. These species are not amines but are quaternary ammonium cations and have a charged nitrogen center. The main application of alkylated ketene dimers is in the sizing of paper and cardboard, as well as in the hydrophobation of cellulose fibers. For example, cuprous cyanide gives the corresponding nitriles: Aryldiazonium couple with electron-rich aromatic compounds such as a phenol to form azo compounds. Kinetic studies show that the second-order rate constant for hydroxide-ion catalyzed hydrolysis of acetonitrile to acetamide is 1.6106M1s1, which is slower than the hydrolysis of the amide to the carboxylate (7.4105M1s1). If you look back at the table further up the page, you will see that the trimethylamine has a much lower boiling point (3.5C) than 1-aminopropane (48.6C). [7][12], The 2,2,4,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione can easily be isomerized to dimethyl ketene dimer (4-isopropylidene-3,3-dimethyl-oxetan-2-one).[13]. Structure of letrozole, an oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor for the treatment of certain breast cancers. In the production of acrylonitrile, a side product is acetonitrile. As can be seen, the OH is now attached to the alkyl group, creating an alcohol. [41] The nitrile functional group is found in several drugs. Nitrile oxides have the general structure RCNO or RCN+O and are used in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. [12] In a related dehydration, secondary amides give nitriles by the von Braun amide degradation. In this case, one C-N bond is cleaved. [6] This alkyl group maybe with a combination of the same or different. Example: CH 3-CH 2-X [Where X can be Cl, F, Br or I] 2. After filtration of the insoluble triethylamine hydrochloride and evaporation of the solvent, long-chain alkyl chain dimers are obtained in yields of more than 90%.[14]. Ann M. Thayer "Fabulous Fluorine" Chemical and Engineering News, June 5, 2006, Volume 84, pp. In 1834 Thophile-Jules Pelouze synthesized propionitrile, suggesting it to be an ether of propionic alcohol and hydrocyanic acid. Over 120 naturally occurring nitriles have been isolated from terrestrial and marine sources. In this article, we report a case study for the continuous-flow production of alkyl nitrites, originally designed by BIOS Chemicals.The intrinsic advantages of a Corning(R) Advanced-Flow T reactor system, including high versatility, high mixing, and heat-exchange Secondary hydrogen atoms have a total of 4 (2 hydrogens per secondary carbon atom), and tertiary 2 (1 hydrogen per tertiary carbon atom). Alkyl groups are generally bulkier than hydrogen atoms, however, so the ROH bond angle in alcohols is generally larger than the 104.5 HOH bond angle in water. Bemerkungen zu der Abhandlung der HHrn. Nitrile rubber is also widely used as automotive and other seals since it is resistant to fuels and oils. The more reactive members of this large class of compounds generally pose greater risk, e.g. Many amines are produced from aldehydes and ketones via reductive amination, which can either proceed catalytically or stoichiometrically. Because amines are basic, they neutralize acids to form the corresponding ammonium salts R3NH+. Many fluoroalkanes, however, go against this trend and have lower melting and boiling points than their nonfluorinated analogues due to the decreased polarizability of fluorine. That means that the formula of the primary amine will be RNH 2 where "R" is an alkyl group. The naming convention is taken from IUPAC nomenclature: These names are used to name branched chained structures, for example 3-methylpentane: The structure of 3-methylpentane is viewed as consisting of two parts. While most haloalkanes are human-produced,[citation needed] non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). The word alkyl was introduced by Johannes Wislicenus in or before 1882, based on the German word "Alkoholradikale" and then-common suffix -yl. The cyanohydrins are a special class of nitriles. [6], The molecular weight determined by the early researchers did indicate a multiple of the group R1R2CH=C=O. Many of these alkyl groups are known by their common names. That means that the formula of the primary amine will be RNH2 where "R" is an alkyl group. In organic chemistry, an alkyl group is an alkane missing one hydrogen. The first named alkyl radical was ethyl, named so by Liebig in 1833 from the German word "ther" (which in turn had been derived from the Greek word "aither") (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ether , i.e., the substance now known as diethyl ether) and the Greek word (hyle), meaning "matter". The reason for the higher boiling points of the primary amines is that they can form hydrogen bonds with each other as well as van der Waals dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions. Hydrogen bonds can form between the lone pair on the very electronegative nitrogen atom and the slightly positive hydrogen atom in another molecule. [30] In conventional organic reductions, nitrile is reduced by treatment with lithium aluminium hydride to the amine. This is a comparatively easy method to make aryl halides as the gaseous product can be separated easily from aryl halide. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula "RX" where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I). Nitriles are commonly encountered in fruit pits, especially almonds, and during cooking of Brassica crops (such as cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower), which release nitriles through hydrolysis. Structure of citalopram, an antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Although the tertiary amines don't have a hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen and so can't form hydrogen bonds with themselves, they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules just using the lone pair on the nitrogen. This name is, however, ambiguous, as the methyl branch could be on various carbon atoms. Where there might be confusion about where the -NH2 group is attached to a chain, the simplest way of naming the compound is to use the "amino" form. [38]:11871192 They undergo type 1 dyotropic rearrangement to isocyanates. Similarly aniline is more basic than ammonia in the gas phase, but ten thousand times less so in aqueous solution.[12]. The amounts of alkyl ketene dimers used for the sizing of paper and paper products are preferably in the range from 0.15 to 0.8 wt%, sometimes from 0.05 to 0.2 wt%,[19] based on the dry paper stock. This conversion is practiced on a large scale for acrylonitrile:[9]. In each case there is only one linkage from the CH 2 group holding the halogen to an alkyl group. Thus CX is broken by heterolytic fission resulting in a halide ion, X. Compounds with a nitrogen atom attached to a carbonyl group, thus having the structure RCONRR, are called amides and have different chemical properties from amines. Aside from their basicity, the dominant reactivity of amines is their nucleophilicity. Thus tetraiodomethane (CI4) is a solid whereas tetrachloromethane (CCl4) is a liquid. . Similarly, dihaloalkanes can be converted to alkynes. The most generally applicable system is that adopted at a meeting of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in Paris in 1957. Secondary Alkyl Halides When the carbon atom is attached to two other alkyl groups which can either be the same or different, which are bonded to the halogen atom, it is known as secondary haloalkane (2 haloalkane). This gradually brought clarity about the constitution of alkylated ketene dimers. a tertiary alcohol as carbon with hydroxyl group, is bonded to three alkyl groups. The molecular structure (i.e. The double bond of the alkene is replaced by two new bonds, one with the halogen and one with the hydrogen atom of the hydrohalic acid. The commonest name at this level is methylamine and, similarly, the second compound drawn above is usually called ethylamine. The polar bond attracts a hydroxide ion, OH (NaOH(aq) being a common source of this ion). The nitrogen atom features a lone electron pair that can bind H+ to form an ammonium ion R3NH+. The hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids is efficient. Phosphine (IUPAC name: phosphane) is a colorless, flammable, highly toxic compound with the chemical formula PH 3, classed as a pnictogen hydride.Pure phosphine is odorless, but technical grade samples have a highly unpleasant odor like rotting fish, due to the presence of substituted phosphine and diphosphane (P 2 H 4).With traces of P 2 H 4 present, PH 3 is spontaneously The Appel reaction is also useful for preparing alkyl halides. No mention of S N i or stereochemistry. The hydroxyl group is assumed to be on carbon 1, and the ring is numbered in the direction to give the lowest possible numbers to the other substituents, as in, for example, 2,2-dimethylcyclopentanol. Nitrile groups in organic compounds can undergo a variety of reactions depending on the reactants or conditions. We will need to look at this with some care to sort out the patterns and reasons. Chemically, aluminium is a post-transition metal in the boron group; as is common for the group, aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state. Key to the exceptional nucleophilicity is the small steric demand of the CN unit combined with its inductive stabilization. [5], The substituent NH2 is called an amino group.[6]. This enables systematic prediction of chemical reactions and behavior of chemical compounds and the In our example, we have a total of 18 primary hydrogens. Some organophosphorus compounds are highly effective insecticides, although some are extremely toxic to humans, including sarin and VX nerve agents.. Organophosphorus For example, the 108.9 bond angle in methanol shows the effect of the methyl group, which is larger than the hydrogen atom of water. [8][9], Chemical group derived from alkanes (one hydrogen removed), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkyl&oldid=1110199886, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 2-methylbutan-2-yl (aka (1,1-Dimethylpropyl), pentan-3-yl (also known as (1-Ethylpropyl)), 3-methylbutan-2-yl (or (1,2-Dimethylpropyl), This page was last edited on 14 September 2022, at 05:38. The "anhydrous hydration" of nitriles to amides has been demonstrated using an oxime as water source:[29]. The principal pathways involve the enzymes chloroperoxidase and bromoperoxidase. In chemistry, amines (/min, min/,[1][2] UK also /emin/[3]) are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. The simplest alkyl group is the methyl radical, CH3, which has one hydrogen atom less than methane, CH4. Structure of periciazine, an antipsychotic studied in the treatment of opiate dependence. Alkyl halides are colourless when they exist in pure form. At this level, you are only likely to come across simple ones where both of the hydrocarbon groups are alkyl groups and both are the same. To the menu of other organic compounds . In a primary halogenoalkane (1 ), the carbon bearing the halogen atom is bonded only to another alkyl group. Alkylated ketene dimers as paper sizing agents, Paper sizing with alkylated ketene dimers. McMurry (6th ed p. 608) Shows conversion of primary alcohol to primary alkyl chloride (S N 2) No stereochemistry shown. Number the longest carbon chain starting at the end nearest the OH group, and use the, Name the substituents, and give their numbers as for an alkane or, Using Grignard and organolithium reagents, Acidity of alcohols: formation of alkoxides, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. In this type of substitution reaction, one group of the substrate participates initially in the reaction and thereby affects the reaction. [19], The problems with the acidic (aluminum sulfate-mediated) mass sizing of paper with alkaline-digested colophony resins introduced since the early 19th century led besides the use of alkaline flocculants (such as chalk or calcium carbonate as the alkali reserve) to the search for alternative materials for sizing in a neutral or alkaline environment. Hydrolysis, a reaction in which water breaks a bond, is a good example of the nucleophilic nature of haloalkanes. This compound is used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis, especially for the reduction of esters, carboxylic acids, and amides.The solid is dangerously reactive toward water, releasing Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. ), and so on. By cleavage (tertiary amines only) with cyanogen bromide, Proceeds by -elimination of less hindered carbon. Inorganic compounds containing the CN group are not called nitriles, but cyanides instead. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially. Volatile halocarbons degrade photochemically because the carbon-halogen bond can be labile. This effect, which may shift the carbonyl stretching frequency up or down, is particularly important when an alkyl substituent is replaced by a hetero atom such as N, O or X (halogen). In their infrared spectrum primary amines exhibit two N-H bands, whereas secondary amines exhibit only one.[6]. Alkali metals such as sodium and lithium are able to cause haloalkanes to couple in the Wurtz reaction, giving symmetrical alkanes. [28] The further conversion to the carboxylic acid is disfavored by the low temperature and low concentration of water. This effect is due to the increased strength of the intermolecular forcesfrom London dispersion to dipole-dipole interaction because of the increased polarizability. Aromatic nitriles are often prepared in the laboratory from the aniline via diazonium compounds. Iodoalkanes may similarly be prepared using red phosphorus and iodine (equivalent to phosphorus triiodide). This is of great synthetic utility: chloroalkanes are often inexpensively available. The terms primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary refer to a carbon attached to one, two, three, or four other carbons respectively. In reductive decyanation the nitrile group is replaced by a proton. Dihaloalkane Primary alkyl halide; Secondary alkyl halide; Tertiary alkyl halide; Primary Alkyl Halide. I attach example from Grossman book [p. 20]: When R = C H X 2 C H X 2 P h, the coordinated A l simply transfers a M e group to the carbocation C ( bond nucleophile). A catalytic amount of PBr3 may be used for the transformation using phosphorus and bromine; PBr3 is formed in situ. The lower boiling point is due to the lower dipole-dipole attractions in the dimethylamine compared with ethylamine. In ammoxidation, a hydrocarbon is partially oxidized in the presence of ammonia. In the "Darzens halogenation", thionyl chloride (SOCl2) convert these less reactive alcohols to chlorides. Common reagents for this include phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)[11] and thionyl chloride (SOCl2). In specialised cases the Van Leusen reaction can be used. Because each primary carbon has 3 hydrogen atoms, and we have 6. The primary reaction products of carboxylic acid chlorides with hydrogen atoms in -position and tertiary amines were identified by Hermann Staudinger[9][10] and Norman Thomas Mortimer Wilsmore[11] as highly reactive ketenes (ethenones) which form 2-oxetanones with an alkylidene group when dimerizing in a [2+2] photocycloadditions. Important halogenated polymers include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE, or teflon). A secondary alcohol has the hydroxyl group on a secondary (2) carbon atom, which is bonded to two other carbon atoms. For example, butane has four isomers and therefore, four isomeric alkyl groups. There are other variants on the names, but this is the commonest and simplest way of naming these small secondary amines. As potential toxins, even carcinogens, pollution by chlorocarbons has attracted attention. Amines reacts with nitrous acid to give diazonium salts. For example, the simplest amine, CH 3 NH 2, can be called methylamine, methanamine or aminomethane. In each case there is only one linkage to an alkyl group from the CH 2 group holding the Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; The boiling points of the primary amines increase as you increase chain length because of the greater amount of van der Waals dispersion forces between the bigger molecules. [22] After the reaction contact angles of >100 are measured, indicating the hydrophobic character of the AKD-modified model surfaces. In industry, hydrogen is the preferred reductant, whereas, in the laboratory, tin and iron are often employed. Typically the presence of an amine functional group is deduced by a combination of techniques, including mass spectrometry as well as NMR and IR spectroscopies. For a fair comparison you would have to compare the boiling point of dimethylamine with that of ethylamine. These can be dehydrated to nitriles by simple heating,[13] although a wide range of reagents may assist with this, including triethylamine/sulfur dioxide, zeolites, or sulfuryl chloride. Amines possess a characteristic ammonia smell, liquid amines have a distinctive "fishy" and foul smell. Haloalkanes can also be classified according to the type of halogen on group 7 responding to a specific halogenoalkane. This reaction is exploited in the Lucas test. WebIn a primary (1) halogenoalkane, the carbon which carries the halogen atom is only attached to one other alkyl group. Aliphatic amines contain only H and alkyl substituents. If this carbon is primary (1, bonded to only one other carbon atom), the compound is a primary alcohol. "Anhydrous Hydration of Nitriles to Amides: "Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: efficacious roles of the nitrile pharmacophore", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrile&oldid=1114512413, Articles with dead external links from May 2009, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, A commercial source for the cyanide group is diethylaluminum cyanide, cyanide ions facilitate the coupling of dibromides. Industrially applied AKDs are derived from fatty acids with chain lengths between C14 (myristic acid) to C22 (behenic acid); palmityl (C16) diketene and stearyl (C18) ketene and mixtures thereof are preferably used, as well as fatty acid mixtures from the hydrolysis of animal and vegetable fats. In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a CN functional group. [2][3] Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups are known as cyanocarbons. In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether groupan oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. Nitriles are found in many useful compounds, including methyl cyanoacrylate, used in super glue, and nitrile rubber, a nitrile-containing polymer used in latex-free laboratory and medical gloves. Alcohols are referred to as allylic or benzylic if the hydroxyl group is bonded to an allylic carbon atom (adjacent to a C=C double bond) or a benzylic carbon atom (next to a benzene ring), respectively.

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